What are the typical symptoms of tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) in newborns?

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a congenital condition where an abnormal connection forms between the esophagus and the trachea. In newborns, this condition typically presents with symptoms that are directly related to feeding and respiratory issues. The most significant and characteristic symptoms include drooling and difficulty in feeding.

Drooling occurs because the infant is unable to swallow saliva effectively due to the esophageal connection being compromised. Difficulty in feeding arises because the infant may regurgitate or choke on milk, which can flow into the trachea instead of the stomach. This can lead to severe respiratory complications, as milk entering the trachea can cause aspiration pneumonia.

Other symptoms commonly seen in cases of TEF may include coughing, choking during feeding, and cyanotic spells, further indicating that the airway is compromised. The signs emphasize the importance of recognizing these specific issues when assessing a newborn for potential TEF, making drooling and feeding difficulties hallmark symptoms of this condition.