Which triad is associated with congenital rubella syndrome?

Congenital rubella syndrome is characterized by a specific triad of symptoms that include patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), cataracts, and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This triad occurs due to the teratogenic effects of the rubella virus during pregnancy, leading to significant fetal abnormalities.

Patent ductus arteriosus is a cardiovascular defect where the ductus arteriosus, a normal fetal blood vessel, fails to close after birth, leading to increased blood flow to the lungs. Cataracts can develop as a result of the virus, affecting the lens of the eye and leading to visual impairment. Sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most common manifestations of congenital rubella, often resulting from damage to the auditory system caused by the viral infection during critical periods of fetal development.

Other options present conditions that are not characteristic of congenital rubella syndrome. For instance, the conditions listed in the first choice relate to various perinatal processes rather than to rubella. The third option describes metabolic syndromes common in adulthood and has no relevance to congenital rubella. The fourth option, while it includes hearing loss, associates it with a different set of congenital defects that are not typically linked to rubella. Therefore,